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ABSTRACT We present the deepest and highest-resolution radio continuum imaging of the Galactic globular cluster Terzan 5, one of the most crowded locations in the radio sky. In these new 2–4 GHz Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array images, we detect 38 of the 49 confirmed pulsars, including extensive multi-frequency eclipse mapping of the luminous redback Ter5A. Nonetheless, there is still a large amount of diffuse residual flux from pulsars that are fainter than our 2.5 GHz continuum detection limit of $$\sim 11\, \mu$$Jy. Using a range of approaches including image-based simulations, we model the fluxes of the detected pulsars together with the residual flux. We find a minimum total population of $$N\sim 250$$ detectable pulsars in Terzan 5 and perhaps substantially more, though the luminosity function remains very uncertain. Consideration of the $$\gamma$$-ray properties of the cluster, though also not unambiguous to interpret, leads to consistent conclusions. These pulsar population estimates are larger than inferred from previous work and highlight Terzan 5 as a keystone target for next-generation radio facilities. 

Abstract Many thermobarometric methods applied to granitic composition rocks that crystallized at < 5 kbar yield temperature estimates ~ 50 to 100 °C lower than the widely used haplogranite water-saturated solidus. To address thermobarometric discrepancies, we investigated a shallow-level granitic pluton that is not enriched in fluxing elements such as Li, B, P, or F. The Rito del Medio pluton (RDMP) near Questa, New Mexico contains numerous minerals and inclusions suitable for thermobarometric estimates, and it has abundant miarolitic cavities that represent the final crystallization stages. Occurrences of coexisting melt and fluid inclusions show that groundmass minerals crystallized from a water-saturated magma. After groundmass crystallization, the pluton transitioned to a fluid-dominated system manifested by the crystallization of freestanding minerals contained in the miarolitic cavities. The granite contains mica, feldspar, quartz, primary fluid inclusions in quartz, and accessory minerals including garnet with quartz inclusions. We used minerals and their inclusions in both paragenetic contexts to track changes in P, T, and mineral and fluid compositions that accompanied the magmatic-to-hydrothermal transition. Resultant univariant curves from thermobarometry for the groundmass minerals converge at ~ 1.9 to 2.1 kbar and ~ 590 to 625 °C indicating final magmatic crystallization. To address discrepancies between thermobarometric results and the haplogranite solidus, we performed crystallization experiments at 2 kbar, which show that RDMP compositions magmas complete crystallization at temperatures ~ 620–625 °C. Univariant curves for thermobarometric approaches applied to the RDMP miarolitic cavity minerals converge at ~ 1.5 to 2.1 kbar and ~ 500 to 525 °C defining the transition to hydrothermal crystallization conditions. 

Personality traits, preferences, and attitudes significantly influence labor market outcomes, and these non-cognitive skills are shaped by the social environment. While curriculum interventions can impact these skills, the effect of compulsory education on non-cognitive skills is less well understood. This study investigates the impact of extending compulsory education by examining educational reforms in four low- and middle-income countries. Utilizing cross-sectional data from the World Bank’s 2012/2013 initiative, we analyze the within-country variation in compulsory education years. Our findings indicate that increased compulsory education decreases emotional stability, grit, hostile attribution bias, patience, and willingness to take risks, while enhancing openness to experience and alternative solution or consequential thinking. 

Abstract Long-term declines in lake hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen (DO) have been attributed to eutrophication, reduced water clarity, or rising temperatures. DO dynamics in human-made reservoirs may also be influenced by their distinct characteristics (for example, hydrology) and by the high levels of watershed inputs (suspended sediments, nutrients) these systems may receive, particularly in agricultural landscapes. We used a 31 year dataset in a reservoir that has experienced agricultural land management change to ask: (1) What are the long-term trends in two hypolimnetic DO metrics (DO concentration in early summer and summer anoxic factor), and (2) what are the key drivers of these metrics?. We used linear regressions to assess temporal trends, and exhaustive variable selection to identify drivers. Potential drivers included metrics of watershed discharge, temperature, stability, and potential productivity (chlorophyll, nonvolatile suspended sediments; NVSS). We found that deepwater early summer DO concentrations decreased, but there was no temporal trend for anoxic factor. Deepwater DO was best predicted by surface temperature, with warming temperatures related to lower DO. However, the top five models performed similarly, and all included a temperature or stratification metric. Higher stability was related to lower DO. For anoxic factor, the top two models performed similarly with stability, surface temperature, and NVSS identified. Anoxic factor increased with higher surface temperature, lower NVSS, and higher stability. Our findings suggest that DO dynamics were linked to previously recognized drivers (for example, temperature), as well as NVSS, a driver that is rarely acknowledged and may reflect land use and management within the watershed. 

This article proves, in the case of split groups over arbitrary fields, that all fibers of convolution morphisms attached to parahoric affine flag varieties are paved by products of affine lines and affine lines minus a point. This applies in particular to the affine Grassmannian and to the convolution morphisms in the context of the geometric Satake correspondence. The second part of the article extends these results over $$\mathbb Z$$. Those in turn relate to the recent work of Cass-van den Hove-Scholbach on the geometric Satake equivalence for integral motives, and provide some alternative proofs for some of their results. Comment: 24 pages. Minor error corrected with the addition of Lemma 7.2. Lemma 7.3 added. Material on triviality of morphisms added to section 5. Minor changes in notation. Published version